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Fetch, the distance over which wind blows across open water, dictates wave height alongside wind speed and duration.1:09 A fully developed sea requires both sufficient fetch and time; for example, 30 knots of wind needs 280 nautical miles of fetch and 23 hours of duration to reach a significant wave height of 4 meters.6:27 Sailors can mitigate risk in high winds by planning routes close to a windward coast, where limited fetch prevents waves from fully developing.8:31 Conversely, navigating with a leeward coast poses significant danger if the vessel loses steering or propulsion, as the boat may be driven ashore.10:20 Weather forecasts typically report significant wave height, defined as the average of the highest one-third of waves, though individual waves can reach higher peaks.11:23 Route planning must also account for the vessel's heading relative to the wind; running downwind in 30 knots can be manageable and fast, whereas beating into the same wind is often hazardous and exhausting.13:45 A 46-foot Bavaria can safely surf waves at 12 knots when running downwind in heavy conditions.14:34

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