Alfredo Contaldo · video

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Sailing performance and sail trim depend on apparent wind, the vector sum of true wind and the wind generated by the boat's forward speed.▶ 0:42 Modern fast cruisers typically have a 70- to 90-degree dead zone, while racing yachts may narrow this to 60 or 70 degrees.▶ 4:04 When sailing close-hauled, efficiency often suffers due to low velocity made good (VMG) and the risk of stalling in choppy seas; bearing away 10 to 15 degrees into a close reach often improves speed and stability.▶ 6:12 Excessive heeling and weather helm in close-hauled conditions act as a brake, requiring crew weight to be positioned windward or, in light air on small boats, leeward to optimize hull performance.▶ 11:11

Beam reaching offers high speeds and efficient VMG, though it increases weather helm as the center of effort shifts.▶ 15:29 Rather than using excessive rudder to counter this, sailors should depower the mainsail by easing the sheet or using the traveler.▶ 16:01 A clean hull and folding propellers significantly improve performance, particularly when sailing upwind.▶ 12:02 Proper sail trim, monitored by telltales, remains essential across all points of sail to maintain laminar flow and prevent stalling.▶ 15:14

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