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Older European boats often lack a connection between the AC grounding system and the boat’s common ground point, a design choice based on the reliance on Residual Current Devices (RCDs).0:17 European standards historically used 30-milliamp RCDs to detect leakage, which eliminated the perceived need for a redundant path to the water and the associated galvanic isolators.4:36 Conversely, American standards mandated a connection to the water to provide a safety path if the shore power cord’s grounding pin failed, necessitating galvanic isolators to prevent underwater metal corrosion.2:52 Since 2014, standards have converged, requiring both the water connection and an Electric Leakage Circuit Interrupter (ELCI) on American boats.6:01 Because ELCIs and RCDs can fail, the redundant water path remains a critical safety feature.5:47 Missing any of these components—the RCD/ELCI, the water connection, or a galvanic isolator—creates a significant risk of electric shock, particularly in freshwater environments where electric shock drowning is a lethal hazard.6:44

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